Q: I am trying to remove duplicate rows from a database containing 4446 tables and when finished, merge data from that database to an existing database with the same structure. Is there an easy way to remove duplicate rows from all those 4446 tables?

A1: Please tell us "what is a 4446 table?" And, please give examples of duplicate records.

A2: Recreate your database with unique primary keys. 2) Copy records from original database to recreated database, one table at a time. The duplicate records will drop on the floor. 3) Fix the thousands of bugs in your application code that created the duplicate rows in the first place.

A3: I'm creating temporary tables + I add unique index to that table and insert data into and then I rename it to the original one.

--stackoverflow.com

[With] a declarative language and you have no real control over the execution plan. Heck, Oracle 12c can use multiple different execution plans for the same query depending on bind parameters, statistics not matching reality, and the phase of the moon.

No declarative language will ever be a first-class programming citizen in my eyes. Too much magic. Too non-linear. Too hard to debug for those reasons. They are great for when you have to do really simple things but once you step off the well worn path, you are in the thicket.
--reddit.com

09/19/23: For the latest on this subject see: FIRST NORMAL FORM - A DEFINITIVE GUIDE

Note: This is a 11/23/17 revision of Part 1 of a three-part series that replaced all of my previous posts on the subject (pages of which redirect here), in order to further tighten integration with the McGoveran formalization and interpretation [1] of Codd's true RDM.

On the one hand:

"... there is no generally accepted definition of 1NF ... the word that you see most often is 'atomic'. It is common to say that a relation is in 1NF if all its attributes [sic] are atomic ... Does 1NF equate to “atomic attribute [values]”? ... what [do] people have in mind [when they claim] atomicity? ... the [meaning] behind definitions is that you should rarely need to extract information from a value of an attribute ... But that explains why one cannot decide, depending on theory only, whether a relation is in 1NF ... it is a habitual use of data that makes attributes atomic, not theory. No wonder, there is so much mess in theory about what 1NF should be."

Karen Lopez: To bring others up to speed, Fabian is using an academic taxonomy for data modeling terms. It's valid. It's popular in research. It's not used in any major data modeling tool, nor in many practitioner resources. I have been using the industry vernaculars in my posts and here. Part of the debate that Fabian is having is because he does not tolerate the industry terms, so he chooses to attack others who use the mainstream terms. He believes they are "wrong" instead of "alternative". So that's part of the pain we have in debating his positions. I'm bilingual, but I choose to use just one set in my writings.

Fabian Pascal: Karen, bollocks. See, I can use non-academic terms too.

NULL values can be very useful, especially on indexes, as an indication of "index is not set" or "no index here", or "default inherited index applies".

I use Null values extensively (in huge database systems) with not only no problems whatsoever, but measurably signifcant advantages. People who try to tell you that "Nulls are the work of the devil", or :the sky will fall down if you allow nulls", or some such unsubstantiated childish delusion are exclusively ignorant of the correct ways to handle them. (Or too lazy/ineducable to learn their correct implementation and/or benefits.)

Fact, just plain indisputable fact. --bytes.com